## Gaussian Processes with Linear Operator Inequality Constraints

Christian Agrell; 20(135):1−36, 2019.

### Abstract

This paper presents an approach for constrained Gaussian Process (GP) regression where we assume that a set of linear transformations of the process are bounded. It is motivated by machine learning applications for high-consequence engineering systems, where this kind of information is often made available from phenomenological knowledge. We consider a GP $f$ over functions on $\mathcal{X} \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}$ taking values in $\mathbb{R}$, where the process $linop f$ is still Gaussian when $linop$ is a linear operator. Our goal is to model $f$ under the constraint that realizations of $linop f$ are confined to a convex set of functions. In particular, we require that $a \leq linop f \leq b$, given two functions $a$ and $b$ where $a < b$ pointwise. This formulation provides a consistent way of encoding multiple linear constraints, such as shape-constraints based on e.g. boundedness, monotonicity or convexity. We adopt the approach of using a sufficiently dense set of virtual observation locations where the constraint is required to hold, and derive the exact posterior for a conjugate likelihood. The results needed for stable numerical implementation are derived, together with an efficient sampling scheme for estimating the posterior process.

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